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  1. Lexicon
  2. Über den Kosmos

Homöostase

  • Volker
  • December 16, 2017 at 2:08 PM
  • 4,061 times viewed
  • Homöostase (griechisch ὁμοιοστάσις homoiostásis „Gleichstand“) bezeichnet die Aufrechterhaltung eines Gleichgewichtszustandes eines offenen dynamischen Systems durch einen internen regelnden Prozess. Sie ist damit ein Spezialfall der Selbstregulation von Systemen.

    Geschichte

    Das Konzept der Homöostase wurde um 1860 von dem Physiologen Claude Bernard beschrieben und der Begriff und seine Bezeichnung 1929 und 1932 von Walter Cannon und von Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy geprägt.


    Biologie

    Die Biologie kennt viele Gleichgewichtszustände, deren Wartung durch spezielle homöostatische Prozesse geschieht. Das Gleichgewicht kann innerhalb einer Zelle, eines Organs oder über einen Organismus aufrechterhalten werden. Die zu erhaltende Eigenschaft kann anatomisch, chemisch, physikalisch oder mathematisch (Zellanzahl) sein. In der Physiologie ist der Begriff der Homöostase als Konstanterhaltung eines inneren Milieus (Soll-Zustand) definiert, der durch Regelung zustande kommt. Ein Beispiel dafür ist die Homöostase des Gehirns, die durch die Blut-Hirn-Schranke aufrechterhalten wird.

    • Thermoregulation, Thermogenese, Braunes Fettgewebe
    • Osmoregulation
    • Regulation des Blutzuckerspiegels, siehe Blutzucker-Sensorsystem, Blutzucker#Regulation, Insulin und andere Artikel
    • Regulation des Energiehaushaltes, siehe Energieumsatz, Energiebilanz (Ernährung), Übergewicht, Glucagon, Insulin, Leptin, Thermogenin, Adipozyten, Hungerstoffwechsel
      • Metabolisches Syndrom, Insulinresistenz, Leptinresistenz
    • Schlaf und homöostatischer Druck (Schlafdruck). Der Schlafbedarf baut sich während der Wachzeit auf und während des Schlafes wieder ab.
      Adenosin spielt hierbei eine wichtige Rolle.

    Sozialwissenschaften

    Im Falle sozialer Systeme haben Niklas Luhmann, Francisco Varela und Humberto R. Maturana dafür plädiert, den Begriff Homöostase durch den Begriff Homöodynamik zu ersetzen, da die Stasis einen Stillstand und damit den Tod eines (selbstregulierenden) Systems bezeichnen würde.

    • Schopf
    • Leib

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